The Ototoxicity of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine: A Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are antimalarial drugs widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. With the global pandemic caused by the new coronavirus, there was an increase in the prescription of these drugs, which led to a major concern regarding their ototoxic effects. Objectives The objective of the present study was to assess existing scientific evidence about the toxic effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine on the peripheral and/or central auditory system. Data Synthesis A systematic literature review was performed by searching the PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, and SciELO electronic databases, in a search of articles that fullfiled the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review was conducted in three phases and, in all of them, analyses were performed by two independent researchers. Disagreements were discussed with a third researcher until a consensus was reached. A total of 437 articles were found and 8 were included in this review. Seven of the included studies reported hearing loss in their samples and presented a diagnostic hypothesis of ototoxicity induced by chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine. The most common type of hearing loss was sensorineural, with varying laterality and degrees of severity. The most frequently used audiological test was pure tone audiometry, and only two studies assessed brainstem evoked responses. Conclusion The scientific evidence compiled in this research showed that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have an ototoxic effect in the peripheral auditory system. These drugs can cause cochlear damage, including changes in the stria vascularis and lesions in sensory hair cells.

Triagem Auditiva Neonatal: protocolos, obstáculos e perspectivas de fonoaudiólogos no Brasil - 10 anos da Lei Federal Brasileira 12.303/2010 / Neonatal Hearing Screening: protocols, obstacles and perspectives of speech therapists in Brazil - 10 years of Brazilian Federal Law 12,303/2010

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo visa conhecer o cenário atual da atuação fonoaudiológica em serviços de TAN no Brasil, identificando seus obstáculos e perspectivas, bem como verificar a adequação dos Programas de TAN nacionais aos indicadores de qualidade pré-estabelecidos. Método Estudo observacional analítico, realizado com fonoaudiólogos no exercício da TAN no Brasil, entre agosto de 2018 e agosto de 2019, por meio de um questionário online estruturado. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e correlacionais dos dados no programa SPSS versão 22.0. Resultados A prática efetiva da TAN entre os profissionais não foi condizente, na sua totalidade, com os protocolos oficiais. 48,5% dos fonoaudiólogos afirmaram interrupção da TAN em algum momento nos locais de trabalho, principalmente pela necessidade de reparo do equipamento (64,7%). Quanto aos registros do fluxo e dados de atendimento, que contemplam os indicadores de qualidade, houve maior controle do número total de neonatos que realizaram a TAN (87,9%) e menor controle quanto aos resultados falsos positivos (21,2%). 81,8% dos fonoaudiólogos afirmaram ter disponibilidade para utilizar um sistema para registro e controle de dados da TAN. Conclusão Apesar de as práticas dos profissionais estarem em geral condizentes com protocolos oficiais, a não linearidade do processo e a falta de controle dos dados constituem obstáculos importantes para a qualidade dos serviços de TAN. A maioria dos programas de TAN nacionais apresentados não cumprem os indicadores de qualidade pré-estabelecidos. Considera-se que a informatização dos registros poderá beneficiar os profissionais e potencializar a implementação da TAN como prevista na legislação e políticas públicas nacionais.

ABSTRACT Purpose This study aims to know the current scenario of speech audiology therapy activities at NHS in Brazil, identifying its obstacles and perspectives, as well as verifying the adequacy of national NHS Programs to the pre-established quality indicators. Methods Analytical observational study, carried out with speech therapists in the exercise of NHS in Brazil, between August 2018 and August 2019, through a structured online questionnaire. Descriptive and correlational analyzes of the data were performed using the SPSS version 22.0 program. Results The effective practice of NHS was not entirely consistent with official protocols. 48.5% of speech therapists stated that NHS interruption at some point in the workplace, especially due to the need to repair the equipment (64.7%). As for the flow records and care-related data, which include quality indicators there was greater control over the total number of neonates who underwent NHS (87.9%) and less control over false-positive results (21.2%). 81.8% of speech-language-hearing therapists said they were available to use a system for recording and controlling NHS data. Conclusion Although professionals' practices are generally consistent with official protocols, the non-linearity of the process and the lack of data control are important obstacles to the quality of NHS services. Most of the national NHS programs presented do not meet the pre-established quality indicators. It is considered that the computerization of records can benefit professionals and enhance the implementation of NHS provided for in Brazilian laws and public policies.

Universal neonatal hearing screening program at a university hospital: an analysis using quality indicators / Programa de triagem auditiva neonatal universal em hospital universitário: análise por meio da aplicação de indicadores de qualidade

ABSTRACT Purpose: to assess the universal neonatal hearing screening program using quality indicators. Methods: the records of newborns who were submitted to the neonatal hearing screening in 2018 were analyzed, comparing the data with the first five quality indicators established by the national guideline for neonatal hearing screening attention: 1) rate of screening coverage (≥95%); 2) age at the screening in months (up to the first month of life); 3) rate of referrals for diagnosis (2% to 4%); 4) rate of attendance to diagnostic examination (≥90%); 5) age at confirmed diagnosis (up to the third month of life). The data were submitted to quantitative and descriptive statistical analysis. Results: the rate of coverage, age at screening, and the number of referrals for diagnosis met the indicators established by the national guideline. The rate of attendance to diagnostic examination fell short of the expected, and the age at confirmed diagnosis was verified in 70% of the cases. Conclusion: using the quality indicators furnished important data on the effectiveness of the neonatal hearing screening program and identified opportunities to improve the service, which can help identify hearing loss, early.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o programa de triagem auditiva neonatal universal por meio de indicadores de qualidade. Métodos: foram analisados os registros de recém-nascidos que realizaram triagem auditiva neonatal em 2018, comparando-se os dados aos cinco primeiros indicadores de qualidade definidos pela diretriz nacional de atenção à triagem auditiva neonatal: 1°) índice de cobertura de triagem (≥95%); 2°) idade em meses na realização da triagem (até o 1° mês de vida); 3°) índice de encaminhados para diagnóstico (2% a 4%); 4°) índice de comparecimento ao diagnóstico (≥90%) e 5°) idade na conclusão do diagnóstico (até o 3° mês de vida). Os dados foram analisados de forma estatística quantitativa descritiva. Resultados: indicadores de cobertura; idade na realização da triagem e número de encaminhamentos para diagnóstico ficaram dentro do estabelecido pela diretriz nacional. Índice de comparecimento ao diagnóstico ficou abaixo do esperado e a idade na conclusão do diagnóstico foi registrada para 70% dos casos. Conclusão: o uso de indicadores de qualidade forneceu dados importantes sobre a efetividade do programa de triagem auditiva neonatal, assim como identificou oportunidades de melhoria no serviço, as quais podem contribuir na identificação precoce da deficiência auditiva.

Neonatal hearing screening of newborns of mothers with Diabetic Mellitus and/or hypertension in pregnancy: a systematic literature review / Triagem auditiva de neonatos de mães com Diabetes Mellitus e/ou hipertensão na gestação: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the results of the Neonatal Hearing Screening (NHS) in neonates whose mothers presented hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus in their pregnancy. Methods: a systematic review of the literature, without restriction of year and language, guided by the PRISMA protocol, that was carried out through a search in the MEDLINE (PUBMED), LILACS (BVS), SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE and EMBASE databases, using neonatal screening AND hearing AND (hypertension OR diabetes mellitus) as descriptors. Studies that were duplicated or were unavailable were excluded. Results: 64 records were found, 5 being included for analysis. These articles had been published in the last 13 years, originated from different countries, and using a retrospective (cross-sectional, n=1, case-control, n=1) or prospective design (cross-sectional, n=1, case-control, n=1; cohort, n=1). The findings of the articles demonstrated differences regarding the presence of changes in the NHS outcomes of newborns whose mothers presented hypertension and/or diabetes during pregnancy. Conclusion: since the review showed contradictory results regarding changes in the NHS outcomes in the presence of mothers' hypertension and/or diabetes during pregnancy, prospective cohort studies are needed, in different contexts, in order to isolate confounding factors for hearing loss and minimize measurement bias and selection.

RESUMO Objetivos: investigar os resultados da Triagem Auditiva Neonatal (TAN) em neonatos cujas mães tiveram hipertensão e/ou diabetes mellitus na gestação. Métodos: revisão sistemática da literatura, sem restrição de ano e de idioma, guiada pelo protocolo PRISMA, realizada a partir de consulta às bases MEDLINE(PUBMED), LILACS(BVS), SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE e EMBASE, utilizando-se os descritores neonatal screening AND hearing AND (hypertension OR diabetes mellitus). Foram excluídos estudos duplicados ou indisponíveis na íntegra. Resultados: foram encontrados 64 registros, dos quais5 foram incluídos para análise. Os artigos analisados foram publicados nos últimos 13 anos, originaram-se em diferentes países e apresentaram tanto delineamento retrospectivo (transversal, n=1; caso-controle, n=1) como prospectivo (transversal, n=1; caso-controle, n=1; coorte, n=1). Os achados dos estudos revisados demonstram divergências quanto à presença de alterações no resultado da TAN de recém-nascidos cujas mães apresentaram hipertensão e/ou diabetes gestacional. Conclusão: diante dos resultados contraditórios a respeito de alterações do resultado da TAN na presença de hipertensão e/ou diabetes na gestação, sugere-se a realização de estudos de coorte prospectivos, em diferentes contextos, a fim de isolar os fatores de confusão para perda auditiva e minimizar os vieses de aferição e seleção.

Parameters for Applying the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential with Speech Stimulus: Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction Studies using the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential with speech stimulus are increasing in Brazil, and there are divergences between the methodologies used for testing. Objectives To analyze the parameters used in the study of the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials with speech stimulus. Data Synthesis The survey was performed using electronic databases. The search strategy was as follows: "Evoked potentials, auditory" OR "Brain stem" OR "Evoked potentials, auditory, brain stem" AND "Speech." The survey was performed from June to July of 2016. The criteria used for including articles in this study were: being written in Portuguese, English or Spanish; presenting the description of the testing parameters and the description of the sample. In the databases selected, 2,384 articles were found, and 43 articles met all of the inclusion criteria. The predominance of the following parameters was observed to achieve the potential during study: stimulation with the syllable /da/; monaural presentation with greater use of the right ear; intensity of 80 dB SPL; vertical placement of electrodes; use of in-ear headphones; patient seated, distracted in awake state; alternating polarity; use of speech synthesizer software for the elaboration of stimuli; presentation rate of 10.9/s; and sampling rate of 20 kHz. Conclusions The theme addressed in this systematic review is relatively recent. However, the results are significant enough to encourage the use of the procedure in clinical practice and advise clinicians about the most used procedures in each parameter.